{"id":29756,"date":"2015-12-08T14:48:38","date_gmt":"2015-12-08T14:48:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.jomec.co.uk\/altcardiff\/?p=29756"},"modified":"2015-12-08T14:48:38","modified_gmt":"2015-12-08T14:48:38","slug":"the-suffragettes-an-historical-perspective","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/altcardiff\/2015\/12\/08\/the-suffragettes-an-historical-perspective\/","title":{"rendered":"The suffragettes: A history"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ahead of the launch of Cardiff crime magazine, Uncuffed<\/a>, here’s a sneak peek of what to expect from the history page. This issue, Uncuffed will be focusing on Margaret Mackworth <\/a>(later Lady\u00a0Rhondda) and \u00a0suffragette crimes in Wales. Dr Jacqui Turner<\/a>\u00a0and Professor Angela V John\u00a0<\/a>explain a bit about what the suffragettes endured to achieve the vote:<\/p>\n

\"uncuffed

Were the suffragettes terrorists?<\/strong><\/p>\n

J: Technically some suffragette activity might be categorised at such , although I would have two issues with using that term. Firstly, the 21st century concept of terrorism cannot easily be applied to the end of the 19th and early 20th century as it has very different connotations today; the public perception of the perpetrators is also very different. It is also true that the vast majority of women\u2019s suffrage<\/a> supporters were also supporters of manhood or universal suffrage<\/a> and did not engage in breaking the law. Much suffrage activity could be better described as a campaign of civil disobedience<\/a>. The suffragettes of the Women’s Social and Political Union<\/a> (WSPU) received disproportionate sentences for the crimes committed and demanded to be treated as political prisoners after their arrest.<\/p>\n

\"deeds

A:\u00a0The term, terrorist, the terminology is emotive. Most people who supported the suffrage movement weren\u2019t suffragettes (militant group). Most women were suffragists (peaceful campaigners). In Wales, there were more <\/span>suffragists <\/a>than there ever were suffragettes. There were more peaceful protests than those prepared to take dramatic action. They wouldn\u2019t have perceived themselves as terrorists. They believed they\u2019d been forced into it. They were denied the right to have a say in the running of the country. They had to draw attention to this. The Welsh women who were smashing windows in London, were not terrorists. There\u2019s a line between property and people; there is a thin line. If dramatic action doesn\u2019t achieve the ends you want, the next time you have to step it up and do something more dramatic. When they set people\u2019s homes on fire, what if somebody was in the house at the time? They could have had casualties. Militancy escalates. There were many more peaceful women in Wales.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do you think that the ends justified the means for the suffragettes?<\/strong><\/p>\n

J: Yes. It wouldn’t be right to say that the militant campaigns of the suffragettes were the only factor in the granting of a partial franchise<\/a> in 1918, but there was an extreme reluctance on the part of politicians and society to go back to the days of militantly and imprisoning women after World War I<\/a>. It was just time.<\/p>\n

\"emmeline

A:\u00a0We\u2019ve grown up with the vote. It\u2019s hard to put ourselves in the shoes of those who were denied basic rights. The irony is, Pankhurst\u2019s organisation didn\u2019t ask for the vote for all women, only on the same terms as men. Working-class women wouldn\u2019t have got the vote. It was only later on that all women got the vote. The WSPU didn\u2019t advocate for all women. It wasn\u2019t asking for the rights for all women. They wanted parity – equal rights with men. It wasn\u2019t until 1918 that all men got the vote. Working-class women got involved because of propaganda. It was a catch-up situation. Many women believed that they would eventually have got the vote. Working-class women didn\u2019t have as much time. Working-class women didn\u2019t have the space and time that more middle-class women did.<\/span><\/p>\n

How were suffragettes treated in prison?<\/strong><\/p>\n

J: Professor June Purvis<\/a> has done an enormous amount of work on this and I cover it in my fun blog for BBC History Extra<\/a>. However, in short, suffragettes were treated harshly in prison and in a manner that was, once again, disproportionate to their crimes \u2013 force-feeding could be inflicted on a prisoner who had merely broken a window. What is even more interesting is that women were treated differently depending on their class. June Purvis described the experiences of Lady Constance Lytton<\/a>, who disguised herself as a poor woman named Jane Warton in order to gather evidence of differential treatment. Warton was \u201cheld down by wardresses as the doctor inserted a four-foot-long tube down her throat. A few seconds after the tube was down, she vomited all over her hair, her clothes and the wall, yet the task continued until all the liquid had been emptied into her stomach. As the doctor left \u2018he gave me a slap on the cheek\u2019, Constance recollected, \u2018not violently, but, as it were, to express his contemptuous disapproval\u2019.\u201d She was forcibly fed seven more times before her true identity was revealed and she was released. Constance never fully recovered from her ordeal \u2013 she suffered a stroke in 1912 and died in 1923.<\/p>\n

\"usk

A:\u00a0It changed over time. Many women went on hunger strike and got force-fed. It was a horrendous incident. Lady Mackworth<\/a> (Margaret Haig Thomas, Viscountess Rhondda) who was at Usk Gaol<\/a>; she wasn\u2019t forcefully fed. There had been bad publicity over force-feeding<\/a> in England, which left the women in a state after this. So the authorities became a bit wary about forcefully feeding. They passed the Cat and Mouse Act<\/a>. Women who were in danger of dying from starvation were temporarily released and them re-arrested once they were better. The government were worried about people making martyrs of themselves. Lady Rhondda was released under the Cat and Mouse Act. She was meant to go back but an anonymous person paid her fine. There is speculation that the government paid the fine as she came from a very powerful and influential family, which could have been dangerous. The fine was paid without her permission which left her very angry. There were very few women detained in Wales. Welsh women were arrested in Holloway for smashing windows. It\u2019s difficult to compute exactly. We don\u2019t have precise figures.<\/p>\n

How did the public view the suffragettes at the time?<\/strong><\/p>\n

J: That depended whether you were a supporter of Votes for Women<\/a> or held anti-suffrage views. It also depended on whether you were a supporter of women\u2019s suffrage but disagreed with the actions of the suffragettes, which was a position held by the The National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies <\/a>(NUWSS) which had a far larger membership than the WSPU. The public perception of the suffragettes changed over time. Initially, appalled by the public actions of the \u2018gentler sex\u2019, anti-suffrage campaigners presented them as unnatural, failures in achieving their unlitmate goal in life \u2013 marriage and children. They were represented in the press as masculine, frigid spinsters or overbearing wives setting out to emasculate men. The softening or change in public perception was influenced by images of hunger striking women, the introduction of force-feeding, the Cat and Mouse Act<\/a> in 1912 and an outstanding campaign by the WSPU on the horrors of force-feeding<\/a> and the treatment of women purely because of their gender. Even those against Votes for Women were appalled by the state\u2019s treatment of them.<\/p>\n

\"Forcefeeding

A:\u00a0Different people in different places reacted differently. They were often feared. They got a bit labelled and branded and people were weary of them and blamed things on the suffragettes. Other people set things on fire and blamed it on them. They became <\/span>scapegoats <\/a>for people wanting to cause trouble. Live mice were released on stage where they spoke, rotten tomatoes and sulphur acid were used to attack them physically. In <\/span>North Wales<\/a>, hooligans dragged them to the river and ripped their clothing and physically and verbally attacked them. There was even organised opposition against women\u2019s suffrage. But, there were also men who were keen supporters of women\u2019s suffrage. A <\/span>Men’s League for Women’s Suffrage <\/a>(MLWS)\u00a0was created which used more direct action. But, this was mostly in England. Some people were converted. They came to see that women had a raw deal. The suffragettes were imaginative in their methods to reach people and win over converts.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr Jacqui Turner and Professor Angela V John explain the women’s suffrage movement <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":329,"featured_media":29769,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36],"tags":[5259,990,5260,5261,5262,5263,5264,1703,594,2914,5265,5266,5267,5268,5269,5270,5271,5272,5273,5274,5275,5276,1964,5277,5278,5279,5280,5281,5282,5283,5284,5285,5286,5287,5288,5289,5290,5291,5292],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-29756","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-no-logo","tag-cat-and-mouse-act","tag-crime","tag-deeds-not-words","tag-emmeline-pankhurst","tag-equal-rights","tag-female-enfranchisement","tag-force-feeding","tag-government","tag-history","tag-hunger-strike","tag-industrial-revolution","tag-john-stuart-mill","tag-lady-constance-lytton","tag-lady-mackworth","tag-margaret-haig-thomas","tag-martyrs","tag-mens-league-for-womens-suffrage","tag-militancy","tag-millicent-fawcett","tag-mlws","tag-national-union-of-womens-suffrage-societies","tag-nuwss","tag-prison","tag-reform-bill","tag-representation-of-the-people-equal-franchise-act","tag-representation-of-the-people-act","tag-rights","tag-suffrage","tag-suffragettes","tag-suffragettes-forever","tag-the-great-war","tag-uncuffed","tag-usk-gaol","tag-viscountess-rhondda","tag-vote","tag-votes-for-women","tag-womens-social-and-political-union","tag-world-war-i","tag-wspu"],"yoast_head":"\nThe suffragettes: A history - 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