{"id":23194,"date":"2017-03-30T14:59:04","date_gmt":"2017-03-30T14:59:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.jomec.co.uk\/intercardiff\/?p=23194"},"modified":"2017-03-30T14:59:04","modified_gmt":"2017-03-30T14:59:04","slug":"software-piracy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/global-city\/software-piracy","title":{"rendered":"Copyright infringement &#8211; who are the criminals?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>More than half of web users* admit to downloading pirated software. Do they risk ending up in court?<\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-23237\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Featured-image-ISP-625x349.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"349\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-23237\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Featured-image-ISP-625x349.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"349\" \/><\/noscript><br \/>\nWe&#8217;ve all been tempted to do it. You <i>need<\/i> a copy of Microsoft Office, or of Photoshop, to work on your assignments, but the price tag is just horrendous &#8211; you can\u2019t afford to spend <em>hundreds\u00a0<\/em>of pounds. Surely nobody will get hurt if you find your way around it on\u2026 \u201calternative\u201d channels?<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Cue torrent sites<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u00a0&#8211; the speakeasies of the internet. \u201cHow amazing,\u201d you think to yourself, \u201cthat these people, these \u2018pirates\u2019, should remove limitations from software and make it freely available to all! I wonder, what drives them&#8230;?\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Though the thrill of the challenge is the main motivator for some \u201ccrackers\u201d, not everybody is so innocent in their intentions. \u201cSure, [some do it] for the kudos, for reputation, advertisement,\u201d says Tony Crampton, <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">of<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400\"> Cardiff-based copyright specialists CJCH Solicitors. \u201c[However,] it could also be for a sinister end, because anyone who uses software that isn\u2019t genuine is opening up their system into all sorts of vulnerabilities.\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cHistory shows that every time people tried to impose restrictions, [there were others] trying to end those restrictions,\u201d Crampton says.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">He\u2019s not the only one to think so. For digital rights advocates Open Rights Group, the issue around copyright is decades-old: \u201cI don\u2019t think [the internet] created this situation,\u201d says executive director Jim Killock. \u201cIf you look at\u2026 things like the rise of taping technologies, photocopies, video tapes\u2026 all of those, I think, started the trend towards a much easier situation for people to casually infringe copyright, on a user-to-user basis.<\/span><br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23243\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23243\" style=\"width: 625px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-23243 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Gary-Denham-via-Flickr-625x313.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"313\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23243\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-23243 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Gary-Denham-via-Flickr-625x313.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"313\" \/><\/noscript> The &#8220;Home taping is killing music&#8221; campaign in the &#8217;80s arose from the music industry&#8217;s fear of spreading home-recording capabilities. (Gary Denham via Flickr)<\/figcaption><\/figure><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cI think there\u2019s been a widespread culture of informal copyright infringement for several decades prior to the internet&#8230; If you look further back, you can actually see much more relaxed attitudes towards copyright &#8211; particularly in certain artistic circles &#8211; than perhaps we have now.\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Nevertheless, there&#8217;s a fundamental difference\u00a0between the physical and digital &#8220;shoplifting&#8221;. Interestingly, companies are not concerned with end-users so much as with commercial actors who distribute the cracked software: \u201cIf I don\u2019t get revenue from products, then research and development goes down, and there\u2019s no product,\u201d Crampton says.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">CJCH Solicitors specialise in non-compliance by \u201cinfringing users\u201d. These users remove licensing protocols in order to resell the software illegally, and make a personal profit. Sometimes it\u2019s even the businesses themselves that manage to do it, to save on corporate licences.<\/span><br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23258\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23258\" style=\"width: 625px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23258\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Revulytics-625x464.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"464\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23258\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23258\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Revulytics-625x464.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"464\" \/><\/noscript> Top countries for the download of pirated software (Courtesy of Revulytics)<\/figcaption><\/figure><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">However, if there\u2019s an offer of pirated software, it means that there\u2019s a demand as well. For Killock, the companies have a bit of self-critique to make: \u201cThe companies may regard this sort of behaviour as shoplifting. We would regard it firstly as a market failure \u2026 and as an activity often probably akin to home taping [where songs airing on the radio would be recorded on cassette tapes]. <\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThat\u2019s not to say there is not a potential impact on revenues, but [it\u2019s] on them \u2013 the rights\u2019 holders \u2013 to correct the market failure before they start blaming end-users.\u201d He reckons there\u2019s been a shift in what users expect to be able to gain legally. Since digital distribution is so easy and cheap, when something <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">isn\u2019t available <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400\">&#8211; in certain geographic areas, for example &#8211; users want to know why.<\/span><br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23268\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23268\" style=\"width: 624px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23268\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Michael-J.-Tinsley-via-Wikimedia-Commons.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Michael-J.-Tinsley-via-Wikimedia-Commons.png 624w, https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Michael-J.-Tinsley-via-Wikimedia-Commons-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Michael-J.-Tinsley-via-Wikimedia-Commons-500x228.png 500w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23268\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-23268\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Michael-J.-Tinsley-via-Wikimedia-Commons.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"624\" height=\"285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Michael-J.-Tinsley-via-Wikimedia-Commons.png 624w, https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Michael-J.-Tinsley-via-Wikimedia-Commons-300x137.png 300w, https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Michael-J.-Tinsley-via-Wikimedia-Commons-500x228.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 624px) 100vw, 624px\" \/><\/noscript> The vast majority of pirated software is hosted on North American and European servers (Michael J. Tinsley via Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">In any case, in matters of copyright, pragmatism takes precedence over a rigid application of law, as Crampton explains: \u201cThere\u2019s got to be a reasonable application of the judicial process, and if it\u2019s just a single person, with a single case, is that in the interest of the company to sue? There must be a formal negotiation to move forward\u2026 I would always go for negotiating a settlement on the way through. Jail would certainly be the last option.\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Again because of pragmatism, it\u2019s up to copyright owners to push for enforcement, Killock says: \u201cThe way it\u2019s meant to work is that the costs of enforcement are borne by the copyright holder, [so that] actions that are taken are proportionate to the potential losses. [W]hile there has to be a mechanism for copyright owners to enforce, there also has to be [an] economic advantage [in doing so].<\/span><br \/>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23253\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23253\" style=\"width: 625px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23253\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Ikhlasul-Amal-via-Flickr-625x320.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"320\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23253\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-23253\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2017\/03\/Ikhlasul-Amal-via-Flickr-625x320.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"320\" \/><\/noscript> Software companies tend to pursue the matter on their own rather than wait for the authorities (Ikhlasul Amal via Flickr)<\/figcaption><\/figure><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">\u201cThat\u2019s kind of built into the way copyright functions \u2013 or is meant to \u2013 and it\u2019s quite an important principle, because the minute you start moving copyright enforcement from the private actors to state authorities, the incentives become distorted, because the state\u2026 can spend well over what is necessary and it can spend it on the wrong things, [targeting] the wrong sorts of people\u2026 for public or policy reasons, rather than economic incentives.\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400\">Killock reckons that the focus has generally shifted towards commercial actors, and he sees it as a good thing. \u201cIf end-users got targeted,\u201d he adds, \u201cthat\u2019s when we would get worried.\u201d<\/span><br \/>\n*<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=heNgmE48v84\">Data from BSA Software Alliance<\/a>, a trade group founded by Microsoft.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pirated software leaves a big dent in companies&#8217; revenue &#8211; but how complicit are users downloading it?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":427,"featured_media":23237,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-23194","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-global-city"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Copyright infringement - who are the criminals? 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