{"id":27884,"date":"2018-01-22T08:24:19","date_gmt":"2018-01-22T08:24:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.jomec.co.uk\/intercardiff\/?p=27884"},"modified":"2018-01-22T08:24:19","modified_gmt":"2018-01-22T08:24:19","slug":"the-main-cause-of-adhd-lies-in-our-genes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/science-environment\/the-main-cause-of-adhd-lies-in-our-genes","title":{"rendered":"The main cause of ADHD lies in our genes"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3>Psychology professor debunks the main misconceptions behind infamous disorder.<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27969\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27969\" style=\"width: 625px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-27969 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/01\/LangleyPortrait-625x352.png\" alt=\"Dr Kate Langley Cardiff University ADHD\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27969\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27969 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/01\/LangleyPortrait-625x352.png\" alt=\"Dr Kate Langley Cardiff University ADHD\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" \/><\/noscript> Pyschology and health lecturer<a href=\"http:\/\/psych.cf.ac.uk\/contactsandpeople\/langleyk.php\">Dr Kate Langley<\/a>, explains how mental health stigma just simply isn&#8217;t supported by science.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s a condition which has made headlines for decades, raising questions about parenting, classroom management, over-diagnosis, and the medicating of children.<\/p>\n<p>Dr Kate Langley, researcher and senior lecturer at Cardiff University\u2019s school of developmental &amp; health psychology, feels that the public\u2019s perception of ADHD is deeply divorced from its scientific reality. \u201cADHD is extraordinarily misunderstood,\u201d says Langley. \u201cI think it\u2019s one of our jobs as researchers to try and help reduce the stigma that\u2019s attached to it. ADHD gets a really bad rep. And it shouldn\u2019t do.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Dr Langley is part of a global team studying the disorder. They\u2019re researching its causes, both genetic and environmental; its overlap with other mental health problems; its long-term effects past childhood; and ultimately, ways to help ADHD patients and their families.<\/p>\n<p>So what <em>is<\/em> ADHD? \u201cADHD is made up of three main difficulties. Problems with inattention, problems with hyperactivity, and problems with impulsivity,\u201d explains Langley. \u201cAnd those problems have to be present across a range of different situations.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe important thing, which sets it apart from the fact that we can all find it difficult to concentrate sometimes, is these difficulties actually have implications and consequences for the individuals and the families themselves.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-27961\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/01\/ADHD-fast-facts-625x534.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"534\" \/><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-27961\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/01\/ADHD-fast-facts-625x534.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"625\" height=\"534\" \/><\/noscript><\/p>\n<p>Those consequences can take a wide variety of forms, negatively impacting schoolwork, friendships and family life.<\/p>\n<p>The presentation of symptoms themselves are also extremely variable. Langley says, \u201cYou can have some people who have more inattention problems, but not so much hyperactivity and impulsivity, and vice versa.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe also see that these things change over time as well. As people grow older, often what happens is that inattention keeps being a problem, and sometimes hyperactivity decreases, and so on.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>While the core symptoms are the same, ADHD is not a monolithic condition. That shouldn\u2019t be so surprising. As Dr Langley says, \u201cWe are all quite complex people, aren\u2019t we?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The cause of ADHD isn\u2019t bad parenting, and it\u2019s not too much sugar. Overwhelmingly, it\u2019s your genes.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cAbout 75% of the causes of ADHD across all individuals is due to genetic factors,\u201d says Dr Langley.<\/p>\n<p>.embed-container { position: relative; padding-bottom: 56.25%; height: 0; overflow: hidden; max-width: 100%; } .embed-container iframe, .embed-container object, .embed-container embed { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; }<\/p>\n<div class=\"embed-container\"><\/div>\n<p>Her team has collected data from 250 000 patients with ADHD, and they\u2019ve currently identified 12 genes which affects a person\u2019s risk of developing the condition.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s not just 12. We know that\u2019s not going to be the case. For example, in schizophrenia there\u2019s evidence of there being hundreds of genes,\u201d says Langley. \u201cWhat we think is we\u2019ve captured maybe up to 20% of those variants that might be relevant overall. So we know that there\u2019s a lot more that we need to look for.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>She\u2019s quick to point out that remaining 25% still leaves a lot of room for environmental influence. \u201cWe know that it\u2019s not nature vs nurture. We\u2019ve sort of moved on from the idea that it has to be one or the other. It\u2019s silly to think it can only be one or the other.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Determining the difference is tricky. \u00a0\u201cIt\u2019s very difficult to pick everything apart.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s a lot of evidence that having these difficulties is associated with doing less well economically,\u201d says Dr Langley. The less financially secure a family is, the fewer resources and support systems they have to draw upon.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, having ADHD puts people at greater risk of other mental health conditions, including depression, antisocial behaviours and conduct disorders. Understanding the interactions between these conditions, and how they impact one another, is an area which particularly fascinates Dr Langley.<\/p>\n<p>Part of the difficulty is that one or more of a child\u2019s parents often have ADHD themselves. \u00a0\u201cThey\u2019ve got both a genetic influence, and also they provide the environment for their children.\u201d Twin and adoption studies therefore play a vital role in teasing these factors out.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u201c<\/strong>One of the most interesting findings that we have,\u201d Langley says, leaning forward in her chair, eyes glittering, \u201cis that we\u2019ve found that in a family where a child has ADHD, if you have a father with ADHD, then actually, the mother and child seem to have a better relationship than when the father doesn\u2019t have ADHD.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe think that might be because the mother has a relationship with the father, and sort of <em>gets<\/em> him. Understands the way in which he works, and the things he does. And therefore, that gives them a better insight into their child.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Do we see the reverse?<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNo, unfortunately, we don\u2019t.\u201d Langley laughs. \u201cIt\u2019s interesting in itself.\u201d<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27968\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27968\" style=\"width: 625px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-27968 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/01\/LangleyComputer-625x352.png\" alt=\"Dr Langley computer statistics\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27968\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27968 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/01\/LangleyComputer-625x352.png\" alt=\"Dr Langley computer statistics\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" \/><\/noscript> Dr Langley&#8217;s work brings her into lecture halls and homes, but involves a great deal of statistical analysis.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Dr Langley didn\u2019t originally set out to study ADHD. \u201cI suppose I\u2019ve always had an interest in developmental psychology, and the development of children, and how it relates to when things go wrong.\u201d She grins ruefully. \u201cBut the true answer is that I left university, and I needed a job. And there was a job!\u201d<\/p>\n<p>She\u2019s inspired by her \u201cstellar\u201d team at Cardiff University, with the innovation they bring to the table. Ultimately, though, she keeps coming back to the research participants themselves.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe families give you such a great insight,\u201d says Dr Langley, who\u2019s personally involved in reaching out to them. \u201cIt\u2019s one of the most important jobs, of course. But it\u2019s also one of the ones that really helps you identify why you\u2019re actually doing this job. You could take a very dispassionate view, and just pick two different things and study them, and be a sort of analyst instead of a researcher\u2026 But actually going out and meeting families\u2014going out and finding out what it actually means to have ADHD, or have a child who has ADHD, is a really, really important part of what we do.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s why she so detests the misconception that poor parenting causes ADHD. The children are not just being \u2018naughty\u2019, and they cannot just start acting differently. \u201cHaving a child with ADHD is much more difficult to deal with, to parent.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s the families that help give future directions for research. It was parents that suggested the connection between ADHD and sleep disorders, and investigating what happens to patients once they grow up.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_27972\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27972\" style=\"width: 625px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-27972 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/01\/PhoneInsomnia1-625x352.png\" alt=\"ADHD Insomnia Sleep Disorder\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27972\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><noscript><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-27972 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/cardiffjournalism.co.uk\/intercardiff\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2018\/01\/PhoneInsomnia1-625x352.png\" alt=\"ADHD Insomnia Sleep Disorder\" width=\"625\" height=\"352\" \/><\/noscript> Individuals with ADHD often experience night-time insomnia and daytime exhaustion, with some researchers suggesting it be reclassified as a sleep disorder.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s a growing recognition that ADHD doesn\u2019t just stop in the classroom,\u201d Dr. Langley says. They\u2019re reaching out to past participants to continue contributing\u2014a difficult task when children begin moving away and spreading out, but hopefully the rewards will be worth the effort.<\/p>\n<p>Now that they\u2019ve identified 12 gene variants that cause ADHD, \u201cthe next bit is to work out what they do and how these genes are relevant.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Would understanding how these genes work provide earlier diagnosis and genetic screening?<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s such a long, long way off that it\u2019s almost not worth talking about it,\u201d Dr Langley says, shaking her head. \u201cBut it is always an eventual aim.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Short term, this research will understand exactly how these genes affect brain chemistry. If those chemicals can be targeted, then new medications can be developed.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, it\u2019s simply important to provide people individuals with the support they need. It\u2019s also important for people to understand the nuance behind ADHD.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cNone of us live in nice little silos. None of us are in sort of nice little boxes according to what kind of diagnosis we\u2019ve got.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cardiff University psychology researcher lays misconceptions about ADHD to rest. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":414,"featured_media":27969,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"coauthors":[],"class_list":["post-27884","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-environment"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The main cause of ADHD lies in our genes - InterCardiff<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"noindex, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"The main cause of ADHD lies in our genes - 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